Describe various abiotic environmental factors.

(N/A) The major abiotic factors influencing the life of organisms are:
$1$. $\text{Temperature}$: It is the most ecologically relevant environmental factor. It affects the kinetics of enzymes,basal metabolism,and other physiological functions. Organisms are classified as $\text{eurythermal}$ (can tolerate a wide range of temperatures) or $\text{stenothermal}$ (restricted to a narrow range of temperatures).
$2$. $\text{Water}$: Life originated in water and is unsustainable without it. For aquatic organisms,the quality of water (chemical composition and $pH$) and salt concentration (salinity) are critical. Organisms are classified as $\text{euryhaline}$ (tolerant of a wide range of salinities) or $\text{stenohaline}$ (restricted to a narrow range).
$3$. $\text{Light}$: Essential for photosynthesis in autotrophs. Many plants are adapted to low light conditions in forests. Light also regulates photoperiodic requirements for flowering and acts as a cue for foraging,reproductive,and migratory activities in animals. The spectral quality of solar radiation,including $UV$ components,also impacts life.
$4$. $\text{Soil}$: The nature and properties of soil (composition,grain size,percolation,water-holding capacity) determine the vegetation of an area,which in turn dictates the types of animals that can be supported.